TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind
Present simple
Past tense
direct : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect :Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple
Past perfect
direct : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple
Past future
direct : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after
Present continuous
Past continuous
direct : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football
Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
direct : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier
when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
example :
my mother said that she got up at 4 o’
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind
Present simple
Past tense
direct : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect :Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple
Past perfect
direct : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple
Past future
direct : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after
Present continuous
Past continuous
direct : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football
Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
direct : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier
when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
example :
my mother said that she got up at 4 o’
What is Noun?
Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun
Remember that...
There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words.
see the Noun examples
• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)
Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
I like swimming
The word ‘swimming’ is a gerund
PHRASES
• A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.
• Noun Phrases
• A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
• Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
examples:
• subject
Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
More examples:
• object of a verb
They have found Eugene's goal.
• object of a preposition
The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring break up.
• subject complement
Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• object complement
I consider Loki my favourite cat.
MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Arin : I’m having trouble with math.
Arin : Why don’t you ask Gunawan ? Perhaps he could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.
*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Ima : O.k.
Surprise & Disbelief
A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.
To express surprise or disbelief:
To express surprise or disbelief:
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What?
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me.
- I find that hard to believe.
Surprising amazement of something :
- Fantastic
- It’s great
- It’s terrific
- Wonderful !
- What a lovely flowers !
Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what?
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but …
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me.
There are some ways to express surprise :
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
- Identification :
Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description :
Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.
Language Figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
Characteristics :
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
Mela : Would you like a fried rice Yul?
Yully : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favourite food.
Bonni : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Fivi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. john?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice
In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :
1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
In indicative mood, finite verb have to use verb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.
2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.
In imperative mood, finite verb is no need a subject because without using a subject, the sentence is clear.
Example :
Naturally Speaking
Click on the words to hear the pronunciation
Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
Naturally Speaking
Click on the words to hear the pronunciation
Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
Prepositions with articles and locations
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place. Examples:
Prepositions with articles and locations
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Those words are the examples of Descriptive words.
So, what's DESCRIPTIVE TEXT ?Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.
So, what's DESCRIPTIVE TEXT ?Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.
The Generic Structure of the text :
- Identification :
Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description :
Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.
Language Figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
Characteristics :
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
Grammatical features :
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
Example :
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
Example :
BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.
The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.
Offering
The expression of “ Would you like….”is normally used for offering something to someone.Mela : Would you like a fried rice Yul?
Yully : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favourite food.
Bonni : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Fivi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. john?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.
In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :
1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
In indicative mood, finite verb have to use verb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.
2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.
In imperative mood, finite verb is no need a subject because without using a subject, the sentence is clear.
Example :
1.Positive command
- Help me, please !
2.Negative verb
- Don’t do that.
- Help me, please !
2.Negative verb
- Don’t do that.
Attic | People store things in the attic. |
Ballroom | A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. |
Box Room | A small room used for storage. |
Cellar | Underneath the house. |
Cloakroom | A small room where people put their coats. |
Conservatory | A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. |
Dining Room | A room where people eat. |
Drawing Room | A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. |
Games Room | A room in large houses where games are played. |
Hall | The entrance passage to a house. |
Larder | A small room used for the storage of food. |
Library | A room where books are kept. |
Lounge | Another name for living room. |
Music Room | A room where people play music. |
Office | A room where people work. |
Pantry | A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. |
Parlour | Old fashioned word for living room. |
Sitting Room | Another name for living room. |
Spare Room/ Guest Room | A room where guests sleep. |
Toilet | A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) |
Utility Room | A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. |
Things you may find around the house
light bulb(s) | plug(s) | socket(s) | torch(es) |
ceiling light(s) | lamp(s) | curtain(s) | |
shelf (shelves) | (tele)phone(s) | box(es) | |
plug(s) | battery (batteries) | photo(graph)(s) |
Naturally Speaking
Click on the words to hear the pronunciation
Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It’s Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating. | |
Berkat | Steve, you missed a bit. |
Ido | Where? |
Berkat | Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white. |
Ido | Oh yes, I see it. It’s difficult in this light. |
Berkat | I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go. |
Ido | Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge? |
Berkat | Yes, but don’t worry, I’m really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in. |
Ido | I know, it’s difficult when you’re a boy. At least he’s grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he’ll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome. |
Berkat | Yes, but it is his room. I’m glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead. |
Ido | One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first. |
Berkat | Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too! |
ido | Hmmm, thanks. Here’s a brush |
Attic | People store things in the attic. |
Ballroom | A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. |
Box Room | A small room used for storage. |
Cellar | Underneath the house. |
Cloakroom | A small room where people put their coats. |
Conservatory | A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. |
Dining Room | A room where people eat. |
Drawing Room | A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. |
Games Room | A room in large houses where games are played. |
Hall | The entrance passage to a house. |
Larder | A small room used for the storage of food. |
Library | A room where books are kept. |
Lounge | Another name for living room. |
Music Room | A room where people play music. |
Office | A room where people work. |
Pantry | A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. |
Parlour | Old fashioned word for living room. |
Sitting Room | Another name for living room. |
Spare Room/ Guest Room | A room where guests sleep. |
Toilet | A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) |
Utility Room | A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. |
Things you may find around the house
light bulb(s) | plug(s) | socket(s) | torch(es) |
ceiling light(s) | lamp(s) | curtain(s) | |
shelf (shelves) | (tele)phone(s) | box(es) | |
plug(s) | battery (batteries) | photo(graph)(s) |
Naturally Speaking
Click on the words to hear the pronunciation
Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It’s Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating. | |
Berkat | Steve, you missed a bit. |
Ido | Where? |
Berkat | Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white. |
Ido | Oh yes, I see it. It’s difficult in this light. |
Berkat | I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go. |
Ido | Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge? |
Berkat | Yes, but don’t worry, I’m really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in. |
ido | I know, it’s difficult when you’re a boy. At least he’s grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he’ll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome. |
Berkat | Yes, but it is his room. I’m glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead. |
Ido | One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first. |
Berkat | Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too! |
ido | Hmmm, thanks. Here’s a brush |
These are some expressions of:
Formal Expression:
-I wonder if you remember.....
-You remember...., don’t you?
-You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
-Don’t you remember.....?
-You happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:-
-Let me think, yes, I remember.
-I remember especially the scenery.
-I’ll never forget that-
-I’ll always remember.
-I can remember it clearly.
-You remember...., don’t you?
-You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
-Don’t you remember.....?
-You happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:-
-Let me think, yes, I remember.
-I remember especially the scenery.
-I’ll never forget that-
-I’ll always remember.
-I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:-
Remember the old house we used to live in?
Remember that?
I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
-Hold on. Yes, got it!
-I know.....
It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:-
-Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
-I’m afraid I forget.
-I really can’t remember.
-I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
-Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
These are some expressions of:
Formal Expression:
-I wonder if you remember.....
-You remember...., don’t you?
-You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
-Don’t you remember.....?
-You happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:-
-Let me think, yes, I remember.
-I remember especially the scenery.
-I’ll never forget that-
-I’ll always remember.
-I can remember it clearly.
-You remember...., don’t you?
-You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
-Don’t you remember.....?
-You happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:-
-Let me think, yes, I remember.
-I remember especially the scenery.
-I’ll never forget that-
-I’ll always remember.
-I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:-
Remember the old house we used to live in?
Remember that?
I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
-Hold on. Yes, got it!
-I know.....
It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:-
-Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
-I’m afraid I forget.
-I really can’t remember.
-I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
-Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place.
Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
| Preposition | Time | Place |
| In | Year, Month, In 1999, In December | Country, State, City In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei |
| On | Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 | Street On Main Street, On 1st Ave. |
| At | Time At 8:00, At 7:30 | Address At 815 East Main Street |
A: Where's your office? B: In Taipei, Taiwan. A: Really? What part of Taipei? B: It's on Chung Shan North Road. A: I know that area. Where exactly is it? B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore. C: When is the wedding? D: It's in June. C: What day? D: It's on Saturday, the 25th. C: What time? D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
| at the swimming pool (on site) | in the swimming pool (in the pool itself i.e. in the water) |
| at the post office/bank (general) | in the post office/bank (inside the building) |
| at the zoo (visitors, general area) | in the zoo (animals in their cages) |
| at school | in the classroom |
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie) I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building) She works at the library on Wednesdays. She found a rare coin in the library (building). Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day. John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
the general situation. Note the following:
| "practice"/situation | building |
| in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.) | in the school (building) |
| in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal) | in the jail/prison (temporary) |
| in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.) | in the church (building) |
Where's Dad?
| in church (attending services) | in the church (fixing the windows) |
| at church | at the church |
| in prison (He committed a crime.) | at the prison (visiting his friend) |
Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
| Preposition | Time | Place |
| In | Year, Month, In 1999, In December | |
| On | Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 | Street On Main Street, On 1st Ave. |
| At | Time At 8:00, At 7:30 | Address At 815 East Main Street |
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place. Examples:
A: Where's your office? B: In Taipei, Taiwan. A: Really? What part of Taipei? B: It's on Chung Shan North Road. A: I know that area. Where exactly is it? B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore. C: When is the wedding? D: It's in June. C: What day? D: It's on Saturday, the 25th. C: What time? D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
| at the swimming pool (on site) | in the swimming pool (in the pool itself i.e. in the water) |
| at the post office/bank (general) | in the post office/bank (inside the building) |
| at the zoo (visitors, general area) | in the zoo (animals in their cages) |
| at school | in the classroom |
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie) I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building) She works at the library on Wednesdays. She found a rare coin in the library (building). Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day. John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
the general situation. Note the following:
| "practice"/situation | building |
| in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.) | in the school (building) |
| in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal) | in the jail/prison (temporary) |
| in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.) | in the church (building) |
Where's Dad?
| in church (attending services) | in the church (fixing the windows) |
| at church | at the church |
| in prison (He committed a crime.) | at the prison (visiting his friend) |
